DNS names are administered in Domains. A condition, DNS name in the Internet admits to make, is the registration of the associated Domain.

Motivation

In principle participants are attainable in the Internet also without Domain name - which is sufficient correct IP address. The numeric IP addresses show however generally clearly more with difficulty than meaningful names, which are processed by the Domain Name System.

A simple and cheap possibility consists of registering in an existing Domain a Subdomain. Assumed, the fictitious company Beispiel GmbH uses the Domain of its Serviceproviders isp. Then the name of the Domain could look as follows: www.beispiel.isp.com. A registration is not here necessary, since in principle (with some exceptions) only Domains are registered, which lie directly below a Top level Domain.

Normally however independent names desired (e.g. www.domainname.de) are. In this case a Domain must be registered at a registration organization - a Domain Name Registrar -. Thus it is on the one hand guaranteed that all formal rules are kept and on the other hand guarantee that nobody uses otherwise this Domain.

Registration organizations

Registry

A Registry is in the Internet surrounding field an organization, which administers certain resources, which are necessary for the technical enterprise, central. In addition belong in particular such, which may occur due to their nature only once in the entire Internet and therefore also only in a place authoritativ to be administered to be able.

IANA is the highest authority for the assignment of numbers in the TCP/IP surrounding field. IP addresses, haven numbers, MIME types etc. are administered.

The administration of general Top level Domains (gTLDs) was transferred of the IANA at ICANN (Internet corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). ICANN coordinated, supervises and delegates the tasks of registration to subordinated organizations. Examples of gTLDs are .com, .org, .edu, .net, .biz, .info and other more, the offer are constantly extended and can on the Website of the ICANN be seen.

The administration of landreferred Top level Domains (ccTLDs) was delegated of the IANA to different, national organizations. A list of the official managers ccTLDs is reproached on the Website of the IANA. In Germany this is for example DENIC, in Switzerland SWITCH and in Austria NIC.AT.

Registrar

Frequently Registries offer the registration of Domains below their Top to level Domain not directly, but over partner companies, the so-called Registrare. Occasionally a Registry also operates a Registrar. Mostly the Registrare is however Internet service Provider, which drives different other services out as for instance Web Hosting in the package with the Domainregistrierung. The Registrar passes the Domainregistrierung on to the responsible in each case Registry.

One receives a list of Registraren for Domains below a certain Top level Domain in all rule on the Website of the responsible Registry.

Registrant

Registrant frequently the final customer is called, thus that, which would like to actually register a certain Domain. For legal or other reasons this designation can be national uncommon, in Germany speaks one for instance of the Domaininhaber (English "„Domain Holder "“).

Konnektierung

A Domain registration alone is not sufficient, in order to publish Domainnamen in the Internet. First each Domain must be present on one or more name servers in a zone file. Then a reference (delegation) must be registered on these name servers in the zone, which contains the superordinate Domain.

With a Domain registration therefore always entries are in the superordinate name servers connected. The necessary LV resource record registers the Registrar normally in its name servers automatically. For the registration the client must indicate in addition the name servers, which know the new Domain. Usually the Registrar before registering examines these data, in order to guarantee that the delegation shows not in emptiness.

With smaller Domains, which contain only very few resource records, can be done with some Top or Second level Domains (like e.g. .de) without separate name servers. The resource record can be deposited then directly by the Domain Registrar on its own name servers.

Before a registration questions which can be clarified

Selection of a name

As the first the name of the Domain and the superordinate Domain must (usually a Top level Domain, e.g. .com, .de) to be specified. Here it should be examined whether rights third are possibly hurt (e.g. label name registered). In each name can be contained letters, numbers or hyphens, whereby between large and small letters one does not differentiate. The Registrar gives the exact rules (e.g. "“a name may not begin with a hyphen"”). Depending upon Top level Domain and Registrar further special characters may be used. Denic about permits however no other special characters to 92 additional letters (e.g. , , (e.g.! , # or %). Note: the letter "“ss"” is not used in the DNS in principle.

Over the WHOIS service (offered e.g. of interNIC) it can be determined whether the desired Domainname is at all available. The country-specific Registrierungsorganistationen offers likewise possibilities of examining whether a Domain was already assigned. However only the own Domain is there in each case usually included. DENIC publishes thus for example only information to Domains, which end with .de.

Selection of a Registrars or a service Providers

There are usually several possibilities of registering its Domain:

• by a direct contractual relation with the operator (Top level) of a Domain (often expensively, often not completely simply, occasionally only as bulk purchasers possible)
• with a Registrar for the desired superordinate Domain
• over a Serviceprovider co-operating with a Registrar
• over a retailer or a dealer, who co-operates with a Serviceprovider or a Registrar

For private people and small businesses the Serviceprovider or their retailer is to be usually preferred, since they are clearly cheaper and the Serviceprovider takes over many annoying detailed works and offers many necessary services plus Domainregistrierung from a hand. As appoximate value for the costs of a registration of the Domains usual in the German linguistic area one can go out from approximately 0 to 100"€ for the registration and 15 to 180"€ annually for the support. This varies with the Top level Domains and with the Serviceprovidern, as well as the range of the services furnished by them. The running time of a registration amounts to usually one year, more rarely two and in alternatively up to ten years and can thereafter in all rule also only in the Jahresrythmus be quit.

Mechanism of the name servers

In addition it must be clarified who the name servers operates, on which the future Domain will lie. That own servers can be, or of an Internet service Provider administered. Only if few DNS names are needed, can be done without the enterprise of own name servers. The names are then registered on the name server of the Registrars. DENIC for example permits in these cases up to five names per Domain.

The name servers must normally be attainable at the time of the registration and already contain the new Domain.

Expiration of a registration

A Domain registration is made on-line or by conventional forms, which are then set by fax or on the post office way. Actions such as deletion of a Domain or changes can be normally accomplished (dependent on the Registrar) not on-line, but only by signed form.

For the registration the name of the Domain owner as well as different administrative and technical partners are to be indicated, in addition their postal addresses. It pay attention that these information about the WHOIS service is at any time accessible to everyone.

At the same time with the Domain registration some DNS names and IP addresses are registered. Normally two are necessary and if necessary or more LV entries Glue record. With private people or small businesses without own name server some few A and MX-RRs can be administered also on the name server of the Registrars.

The Registrar gives the modalities. DENIC for example demands at least two name servers, which must lie in addition in different Subnetzen. Other Registrars is or was less restrictive. Thus there is still some Domains with a only one autoritativen name server.

Many customers register a Domain also only with the option to park it (not to use). For this purpose you fall back to Parking Nameserver services as from Domain Parking.de, which make name servers available for such purposes.

With the registration of a Domain legal effects are connected.

Historically important Domains

The enterprise Symbolics registered to 15. March 1985 first .com Domain with the name symbolics.com.

The first.de Domain was university dortmund.de.

The first German Umlautdomain (introduction of the Umlautdomains at the 1. March 2004) was .

See also

• Top level Domain
• Domain Name System
• Domain name server
• Internet service Provider
• Zone (DNS)
• Root server
• EURid

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